Adhesion refers to the attraction between water molecules and the cell walls of xylem, aiding water movement upward via capillary action.

Lipids, such as oils and fats, act as lubricants in joints and tissues to reduce friction and protect against damage.

Specific heat capacity is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C, which is 1 calorie for water.

Liposomes are spherical vesicles with a phospholipid bilayer, used as drug carriers, containing water inside, encompassing all listed characteristics.

Glycogen is a polysaccharide and a type of carbohydrate, serving as a storage form of glucose in animals, fitting both categories.

The normal blood glucose level in humans is about 0.08% (80 mg/dL or 0.08 g/100 mL), critical for metabolic balance.

A glycosidic bond links monosaccharide units in carbohydrates, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that link amino acids to form the polypeptide chain in proteins.

Phospholipids form the bilayer structure of cell membranes due to their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Fructose and glucose are single sugar units, but sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates are complex substances that, upon hydrolysis, yield polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones (sugars).

Starch reacts with iodine to form a blue-black complex due to its helical structure trapping iodine molecules.

The synthesis of 1g of glucose via photosynthesis or metabolic processes requires approximately 747 kcal for its chemical bonds.

Maltose contains an alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage between two glucose units, distinguishing it from other disaccharides.

Ribose, a 5-carbon sugar, is a component of RNA and ATP, critical for energy processes in heart muscle cells.

In the open-chain form of glucose, there are five asymmetric (chiral) carbon atoms, as the aldehyde carbon is not chiral.

Pentoses (5-carbon sugars) are less common and found in some bacterial structures, unlike more common hexoses.

The general formula for carbohydrates (Cx(H2O)y) includes simple sugars where x ranges from 3 (trioses) to 7 (heptoses).

Oligosaccharides are short chains of 2 to 10 monosaccharide units that break down into these units upon hydrolysis.

Glycogen is stored in muscles, liver, and tissues but not in blood, which transports glucose, not glycogen.